Thomas Cook Analysis Swot

The organization was established by Thomas Cook, a bureau producer, in 1841 to convey moderation supporters by railroad between the urban areas of Leicester, Nottingham, Derby and Birmingham. [6] In 1851, the organizer orchestrated vehicle to the Great Exhibition of 1851. [6] He sorted out his first visits to Europe in 1855 and to the United States in 1865. [6] In 1865, the organizer's child John Mason Cook started working for the organization full time. In 1871, he turned into an accomplice, and the name of the organization was changed to Thomas Cook and Son. [7] In 1884, John Mason Cook endeavored to diminish General Gordon from Khartoum. 6] In 1924, the organization was renamed to Thomas Cook and Son Ltd. , in the wake of procuring a constrained risk status. [7] In 1928, the business was offered to the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grandes Express Europeens, administrator of the Orient Express. In 1948, it was gained by Britain's mainline railroad organizations. [6] It was then purchased by a consortium of Midland Bank, Trusthouse Forte and the Automobile Association in 1972 and by WestLB in 1995. [6] In 1999, it converged with Carlson Leisure. [6] In 2000, the organization auctions off its overall remote trade business to Travelex to focus on visits and occasions. 8] After the market melancholy, especially following the 2001 September 11 assaults, the organization began a disinvestment program, discarding auxiliaries and undertakings. In 2002, the organization was procured by C&N Touristic AG, a German gathering, who thusly changed its own name to Thomas Cook AG. [9] On 21 December 2005, Thomas Cook AG auctions off Thomas Cook International Markets, an endeavor which remembers 60% of the stake for Thomas Cook India Ltd to Dubai Financial LLC, a piece of the Dubai Investment Group (DIG) which deals with the money related and land premiums of HH Sheik Mohammed canister Rashid Al Maktoum, leader of Dubai. 10] Then in 2006 Dubai Financial LLC obtained a permit to utilize the Thomas Cook name in the Middle East. [11] Thomas Cook Middle East comprises of the Middle East locale, which has encountered a blast in movement and the travel industry, particularly in places like Dubai, Qatar, Oman, etc. Additionally in 2006 Thomas Cook Canada was offered to Transat A. T. checking Thomas Cook's exit from the North American market. [12] In 2006, Thomas Cook AG turned out to be entirely claimed by KarstadtQuelle. [13] In July 2010, Thomas Cook Group purchases German the travel industry organization Oger Tours, which was claimed by Vural Oger. edit] MyTravel Group PLC Further data: MyTravel Group The organization was established by David Crossland in 1972 when he bought a progression of little travel offices in Lancashire, United Kingdom. [14] The organization started working bundle occasions and propelled its own in-house contract aircraft working under the Airtours brand in the mid 1980s. In 1996, Airtours bought Scandinavian Leisure Group (SLG) including grant winning visit administrators, for example, Ving and carrier Premiair. In the late 1990s, Airtours shaped the North American Leisure Group, which worked a few carriers and journey lines from its workplaces in Canada and California, including Sunquest Air, Sunquest West and a few others. [16] Thomas Cook Airlines Airbus A320-200 In 2002, Airtours Group PLC rebranded under the new far reaching flag of MyTravel Group PLC. [17] This incorporated a name change for Airtours International and Premiair to MyTravel Airways. Shops all through Northern Europe were rebranded to MyTravel anyway UK retail outlets stayed under the pennant of Going Places. The organization ran into budgetary challenges in 2004 and expected to execute an obligation for-value trade so as to reestablish its benefit. [18] [edit] Post-merger The merger between Thomas Cook and MyTravel was finished in June 2007. [4] On March 6, 2008, the organization repurchased its permit to work the Thomas Cook Brand in the Middle East and Asia from The Dubai Investment Group for a sum assessed to be around 249 million euros. [19] The organization took over Preston-based Gold Medal International, proprietor of NetFlights, in an arrangement worth ? 87 million in December 2008.

Netflix SWOT Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

S.W.O.T. Examination Qualities: ?     Netflix gives a membership style online business administration. Over 95% of clients pay at any rate $17.99 per month which incorporates boundless rentals with up to three titles one after another. A similarly low month to month expense, permits Netflix to lead piece of the pie of online DVD rentals while contending with customary physical rental stores. In the interim, Netflix may keep the clients who attempt the administration and content with it keep paying the month to month expense. Along these lines, Netflix has less issues in anticipating incomes. ?     Netflix appreciates lower fixed expenses because of the way that it is an online DVD rental organization. As a web business, Netflix brings about less overhead expenses than contenders, for example, Blockbuster, just as having less workers to work the physical areas, in this way work costs are incredibly decreased. ?     Netflix gives clients boundless access to the biggest determination of DVD?s. Netflix?s video library comprises of more than 45,000 titles, making their determination the universes biggest, destroying Blockbuster, Movie Gallery, and Hollywood Video. ?     With more than 35 appropriation communities over the United States, Netflix has the quickest conveyance time of any online DVD rental organization. Using the United States Postal Service over 90% of DVD?s are gotten by clients inside one day of requesting. ?     Netflix?s simple to utilize site permits clients to peruse the video library by class, for example, activity, sentiment, show (sixteen all out classifications) or by utilizing a far reaching inner hunt of the library. ?     Netflix utilizes the innovation of Cinematch to give clients stunningly better help. Cinematch concentrates past determinations made by individuals, and starts to suggest titles that would probably be delighted in by the client dependent on past choices. ?     Charging a month to month charge for boundless rentals, Netflix dispenses with due dates and late expenses, just as taking out the long queues of a physical store. ?     Netflix utilizes their incredible client assistance to keep clients glad which understudy shields clients from dropping there membership to the administration. On the off chance that there is a difficult that emerges during the rental procedure, for example, a harmed DVD, or lost DVD during the transportation procedure, Netflix addresses the issue quickly, and never charges the client for the issue. ?     Netflix was the main organization to offer DVD renta... ...fering comparative administrations, either legitimately or as an association with another association.  §Ã‚     Emerging rivalry from computerized link and satellite organizations that offer motion pictures on request. Time Warner computerized link offers video on request library comprising of two or three hundred determinations and developing. Clients can buy a film with the pinch of a catch for about $4.00. Clients approach the film for up to 24hours. Numerous video on request benefits are presently offering advances that permit clients to delay, quick forward and rewind the motion pictures they buy. In spite of the fact that the choice offered by link organizations is very little in contrast with Netflix, it might involve time before the quantity of determinations will increment definitely.  §Ã‚     There are an enormous number of substitute items. Netflix is in the matter of giving individual amusement at a reasonable expense. Since some other type of diversion is viewed as a substitute, Netflix?s industry is in direct rivalry with every single other type of amusement, regardless of whether it be perusing, physical exercise, ordinary TV, and so on. On the off chance that patterns in mainstream society move away from those identified with motion pictures, incomes might be influenced.

The Nature of Love free essay sample

What does such an announcement suggest about the idea of adoration? Compose an exposition which contends your specific view on the idea of affection and the object of that adoration. Breaking point your response to the thought of sentimental love and use Robert Ehman as a beginning stage. Everyone appears to accept that affection is something worth being thankful for. Be that as it may, not all concur on what love is. Is love that warm fluffy inclination an individual has when they are with a natural individual? As indicated by the Bible, love is minding in real life. Love isn't what we feel, yet what we do; anyway the object of affection isn't characterized. (Book of scriptures Gateway, 2012) In this conversation I will depict what the idea of adoration depends on affection as an action word, as something one does and how the object of that affection is influenced commonly. I accept love is an occasion that transpires, that is out of our control and not an activity. As Robert Ehman (1989) recommends to encounter genuine romance, it is the characteristics of an individual and not simply the individual that drives you to feel and follow up on your adoration. Not every person will encounter being infatuated. The possibility that nature influences how one characterizes love shows how in various societies love has gotten mingled and what is ordinary when alluding to cherish. As expressed by Harlow, (1958) love reactions start to shape very right off the bat in the advancement of a newborn child between a baby and the mother. This mirrors love is an action word to adore being a feeling. Robert Ehman, (1989) contends the restrictiveness of adoration is â€Å"a insignificant types of either moral connections sexual want or the persuasive battle to command the other. (p. 256) To grow further he proposes it is an occasion, where the occasion is the demonstration of ‘doing. ’ To encounter genuine affection is about the individual association between two people and how they are sincerely attracted to each other. The ‘dialectical struggle’ alludes to the â€Å"truth of opinions† that become significant as an individual adjusts to imparting their own side to their darling. (Oxford word reference, 2012) Ehman (1989) keeps on expressing the point of individual love is to show that ground-breaking feelings of adoration itself are novel in an individual’s style of life. The sentiment of the darling can be diverse for various individuals however possibly genuine romance exists when the association is the equivalent. The point of genuine romance is consistently to â€Å"share the private and personal components of both your lives. †(p. 256) The announcement â€Å"Harry couldn’t help it, he was in love,† mirrors the possibility of Ehman’s conviction that adoration is an action word, something we do. It proposes that it is something one manages with no control. How can one ‘do love’ can be contended from numerous perspectives. Sigmund Freud (2006) depicts the premise of doing cherish is for the most part determined by wild sentiments of the â€Å"sexual engaging quality of the article. (p. 34) The object of Harry’s love is who he adores and a case of Harry ‘doing’ love could be imparting his own side to who he cherishes just as putting the relationship with who he adores over every single other relationship in his life. This thought is portrayed by Ehman is called genuine affection. Genuine affection is when the two sweethearts share an association with one another where their own sides are shared. For instance the two accomplices share their affection for one another. In the event that Harry cherished a young lady however she didn't adore him once again from Ehman’s see this isn't genuine affection. It is simply Harry confounding his feelings of desire with feelings of adoration. Ehman, 1989) Love can be seen as a feeling and as per Stendhal, Tennov and Proust, (1954) feelings of adoration can be created by numerous different feelings and considerations. For instance what could have been done or what may have happened to cause this feeling and occasion of affection. A feeling can be portrayed by various things an individual does or ways the respond in circumstances that are quickly recognizable before any logical examination is completed. (Elster, 1999) Not all feelings are important, fortunate or unfortunate. This draws upon why love itself is depicted all through general society as something to be thankful for. Stendhal (1980) states â€Å"love shrivels away both when one is sure that it is responded and when one is sure it isn't. † (p. 23) This announcement features that adoration can likewise be a terrible thing as though love ‘withers away’ it is uncontrolled and we can not stop it. In the event that desire is confounded as sentiments of affection in one individual this starts to draw upon the outcomes where a darling might be harmed causing passionate torment. Therefore I concur with Ehman that adoration requests the two people to encounter similar degrees of passionate associations with characterize ‘true love. Harry may drive way his sweetheart through sentimental demonstrations of what he accepts to show love (kissing and so on) which may mean various things to his darling in the event that she isn't offering the association of genuine romance to him. Comparable to Ehman’s perspective on sentimental love Hatfield and Rapson, (1987) additionally recognized there are various sorts of adoration, known as sentimental and friendly love. Sentimental love is energetic and includes solid sentiments of aching, want and energy towards an exceptional individual. (Baumeister amp; Bushman, 2008) The passionate estimations of sentimental love make individuals need to hang out as could be expected under the circumstances. Sentimental sweethearts will in general need to contact one another and take part in private exercises, for example, sex to show how they do cherish. ‘Doing love’ from an energetic and romanticized edge could include musings of not having the option to control enthusiastic sentiments. For instance continually pondering a darling is a typical method of ‘doing love. ’ (Baumeister amp; Bushman, 2008) Affectionate love is known as companionate love and is less enthusiastic. This is the place the two darlings have a shared understanding and minding to cause the relationship to succeed and is regularly done when a sweetheart sees their sweetheart as a perfect partner. This sort of affection is the thing that makes individuals need to stay each other’s great allies. For instance somebody high in partner love is bound to state â€Å"my spouse is my best friend,† (Baumeister amp; Bushman, 2008 p. 306) which prompts the following thought where the idea of affection and being enamored have various implications dependent on the outflow of regular expressions in the public eye. Love can be seen as an article that â€Å"arises from widespread human emotions,† (Baumeister amp; Bushman, 2008 p. 204) that structure normally between two people. All through society numerous individuals contend that characterizing love itself is distinctive to characterizing the condition in adoration. As per Baumeister and Bushman (2008) it is conceivable to cherish numerous individuals however the idea of being ‘in love’ can mean something totally different. Anthony Giddens and Simon Griffiths (2006) recommend this as they suggest love is an encounter and allude to experiencing passionate feelings for as â€Å"something somebody manages without aim. † (p. 204) An individual might need to encounter a more profound increasingly important love when they begin to look all starry eyed at. Ehman (1989) likewise proposes this as he accepts ‘love isn't love’ except if both lovers’ share an individual association similarly. Love could essentially be ‘done’ by having a family together and thusly this brings a typical thing no one but darlings can share where a point in both individual sides of their own sides are equivalent. This fortifies the conviction of affection as an occasion since something has occurred and because of the feeling of desire prompting love it is out of ones control. For adoration to be viewed as ‘true love’ people must share their own sides (Ehman, 1989) as this make the possibility of solidarity in the relationship. Chaney, (2002) states â€Å"The individual character of an individual is spoken to by a story solidarity. † By this Chaney is alluding to the possibility that in romanticized love, solidarity in the relationship is made from the profound obligation of the two sweethearts making an enthusiastic association. (p. 4) The idea of affection can be gotten from this part of encountering love as the aftereffect of an activity, for instance investing bunches of energy with somebody. When alluding to the idea of sentimental love Ehman (1989) characterizes doing cherish as â€Å"sharing the individual side of the life of a companion. †(p. 61) At the point when a definitive rationale in a relationship is sharing their own sides of life and the relationship is viewed as most significant â€Å"above every single other relationship in an individuals’ life they have moved past fellowship to real close to home love. † (Ehman,1987 p. 261) The idea of an individual’s childhood can likewise impact how one characterizes love. As expressed by Harlow, (1958) love reactions start to frame very from the get-go in the advancement of a newborn child between a baby and the mother. â€Å"The human newborn child turns into a self, a being fit for discourse and activity, just by figuring out how to associate in a human network yearning for genuine affection. (Sartre 1989 p. 348) This in a case of the possibility that it is normal in each individual need to encounter genuine affection at last looking for it despite the fact that some may never discover it. Society has socially built the possibility of ‘doing love’ as the result of fondness and a feeling. (Tennov, 1979) The presentation of love from a person to another has gotten appended to the cultural meaning of adoration all through today’s culture. Ordinarily people (particularly when one is male and the other female) who show warmth by clasping hands and being near one another are seen on early introduction to adore one another. This thought has been acknowledged all through society as typical. It is viewed as normal for the duration of regular daily existence and indicating fondness towards another can lead others to consequently connect with affection. Social change difficulties the genuine meaning of adoration and is apparent and very mongrel

Too big to fail Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Too huge to fizzle - Movie Review Example The TV film depended on a book by Andrew Ross Sorkin qualified Too Big for Fail: The Inside Story of how Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System †and Themselves. Fundamentally, the book and the film talked about the issue of how the banks were indiscreet in their loaning works on prompting aggregation of useless and poisonous paper resources (Sorkin 2) which undermined their practicality however are presently stuck a sticky situation anticipating that administration should get them out in some way or another through a bailout, contending they are too huge to come up short without truly influencing the whole financial framework (HBO, 2014). Their contention is a type of extortion to government to act definitively soon: help us or tidy up the whole chaos. The film rotates around the two old and respected venture banks of Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers; the previous found a white knight deliverer in Bank of America however Lehman Brothers was increasingly risky to unravel. Two issues are vital in this film require some moral reasoning: should banks participate in hazardous loaning rehearses (moral peril) that outcomes in a disappointment of free market private enterprise and furthermore, if citizens cash ought to be utilized to profit a couple of individuals (are charge dollars utilized carefully or not? what's more, are bailouts useful or not?). Simple credit was the reason for the 2008 money related emergency yet cutting off credit into a crunch can decline the downturn into potentially another downturn like in 1929 (Kinsley, para. 4). Kinsley, Michael. â€Å"Economic Crisis Unfurls in Hushed Suspense.† The New York Times, 22 May 2011. Web. 14 July 2014.

Concepts in Childhood Studies Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Basically Analyze David Buckingham's Assertion. Answer: Presentation There is a major worry on the planet today with respect to adolescence. Numerous individuals dont comprehend the status of the exceptionally loved idea of adolescence. The idea has become a subject of conversation in a few orders, among them formative brain research, human science, and instructional method. A lot of perspectives have been raised with respect to the idea of adolescence. On point with respect to youth that has since gotten a matter of discussion is the vanishing or changing nature of adolescence. There are individuals on the planet today who guarantee that adolescence is vanishing. Actually, there are likewise individuals who are rubbishing the idea that youth is vanishing (Buckingham, 2000, p. 5). This gathering of individuals asserts that adolescence isn't vanishing however is changing its structure and structure. Extreme perspectives have been raised. A few people have even asserted that adolescence is on a par with dead since its quick vanishing (Bruce, 2013, p. 77 ). In any case, there is another gathering of individuals who are of the conviction that adolescence is alive. They accept that there are only a few changes that youth has experienced. The offspring of today have been completely engaged. They have likewise been freed in a way that has never been seen before. As at now, there are barely any precise investigations which have revealed insight into this point. One such creator is David (Buckingham, 2008, p. 23). As indicated by Buckingham, youth isn't vanishing. He is of the assessment that adolescence is just changing its structure and structure. He exhorts that the general public ought to disregard the possibility that youth is vanishing. Buckingham has done an investigation to set up whether adolescence has changed or not (Eysenck, 2012, p. 81). From the outcomes, he set up that adolescence is as yet a similar today as it was quite a while back. The main misdirecting angle is the way that Childhood today will in general duplicate the con temporary Western culture which is totally not the same as the verifiable occasions. The creator had the possibility that adolescence has been freed and is of an alternate kind (Allison Adrian, 2012, p.45). By looking at the idea of people today and during the contemporary history, there appear to be some significant contrasts. The distinctions have incited a few people to accept that youth is gradually vanishing (Buckingham, 2008, p. 23). Coming up next are a portion of the reasons why individuals will in general accept that adolescence is vanishing: Kids have been given comparable rights to those of grown-ups. They are profoundly secured by law to the degree that they need to choose whether to take or not to take orders from grown-ups. Customary games that were played by youngsters have gradually vanished. Kids have rather grasped specialized games that were generally saved for grown-ups as it were. Youngsters today take part in extraordinary cases, for instance, carrying out wrongdoings, for example, murder that was customarily connected with grown-ups as it were. Nobody would ever envision that a minor could submit murder. Youngsters were raised in an organized and decent way that they couldn't ever consider carrying out such wrongdoings. In spite of every one of these progressions which have been seen in kids, individuals must comprehend that youth isn't vanishing (Heywood, 2001, p. 76). Adolescence is a phase that everybody must go before they become grown-ups. Rather, adolescence is essentially changing its structure and structure. There are a few developments and changing patterns that have constrained youth to change its structure and structure. Lets take the print culture for instance. During the nineteenth century, there was a chain of importance that had been made by the printed world. Kids couldn't peruse a great deal of materials as grown-ups could do. Grown-ups, in this manner, figured out how to get some data far from kids. Information and data with respect to brutality and sex were absolutely held for grown-ups as it were. Youngsters were in this way just connected with blameless people and to bigger degree numbness (Wyse, 2009, p. 53). The way of life of TV has likewise risen in the ongoing past and has tremendously added to changing the structure and type of youth. TV has deleted the qualification that existed among adolescence and adulthood. It has demolished data pecking order which has been presence since time in commemoration. There are no unique aptitudes that kids must gain to get to and work TVs. Authority from grown-ups is decreased. Kids have gotten entirely educated from the substance that they have had the option to access from TVs. Therefore, t heir blameless has gradually vanished, and they are not oblivious any longer (Johnston Nahmad-Williams , 2008, p. 90). Kids have invested a great deal of energy staring at the TV as opposed to taking part in other social exercises that advance youth improvement. From the TVs, kids have found that laws have since changed and they have the right to be treated with deference simply a similar way grown-ups are regarded. Youngsters have likewise found that expectations for everyday comforts have since changed (Wild Street, 2013, p. 49). As per Buckingham (2000), there is sufficient proof that recommend that adolescence isn't vanishing. Youth games are as yet being played by numerous youngsters who have neglected to gain admittance to the inventive materials, for example, print media and TVs. It has likewise been seen that there is despite everything clear differentiation proof between the youngsters and grown-ups. What ought to be obvious to individuals is the understanding that youngsters have built up the ability to make and free culture for themselves, a culture that is entirely unexpected from that of grown-ups. David Buckingham states the advanced media has assumed an extraordinary job in changing the structure of adolescence. He recommends that there is a requirement for grown-ups, especially guardians to manage the media which are utilized by youngsters. There is a sort of schizophrenia which accompanied the development of advanced innovations. Advanced media has been blamed by numerous individuals for a bein g an awful effect on the conduct of kids. One significant case that has been raised is the way that kids will in general mirror all that they watch and read from the computerized media. Advanced media has in this manner on numerous events brought about imitative brutality. The shooting occurrence which occurred in 1999 at Combuline High School in the USA was accused by numerous individuals to have been advanced by savage PC games that were generally played by understudies in the school (Parker-Rees Leeson , 2010, p. 65) There were additionally individuals who accepted that the understudies would have been impacted by the despise data that they got to on a portion of the sites that they generally visited. It is contended that site that spread abhor conduct adversely impacts youngsters (Sharman Cross , 2007, p. 44). Youngsters accept that what they see in PC games is reality and henceforth they feel free to attempt to duplicate them. The innovation of PC games has likewise been said to impact the advancement of minds of kids (Buckingham, 2000, pp. 34-36). The youngsters have gotten dependent on the games. Thus, they have no opportunity to include themselves in different exercises that advance their physical and good turn of events with the goal that they can develop to become dependable grown-ups. Guardians have been urged to put resources into PCs that would advance the training of their youngsters. The move has been seen by numerous individuals as the main way that would occupy the consideration of the youngsters from the PC games that are not of extraordinary advantage to them (Buckingham, 2008). A decent number of guardians in the created world have grasped the move and have felt free to purchase their kids PCs that advance their instruction. In any case, numerous guardians have neglected to distribute sufficient opportunity with the goal that they can help their kids in utilizing PCs as training asset instrument. A few guardians likewise do not have the ability expected to work the PCs with the goal that they can manage their youngsters in utilizing the PCs (Bruce, 2013, p. 213). A few people may guarantee that the kids have PCs in school and consequently the advantage they get from the school PCs is sufficient. The difficult that accompanies the utilization of school PCs by kids is the way that the PCs are lacking by and large (Palfrey Gasser, 2011, pp. 19-21). There is additionally a constrained time in schools when the youngsters can openly get to the PCs. Likewise, guardians have neglected to have conversations with instructors so they can resolve the issue. In many families, guys are viewed as chiefs while females are viewed as individuals who are inadequacy (Johnston Nahmad-Williams , 2008, p. 117). Moms are subsequently rendered to the job of giving consideration to their kids. Fathers, then again, are the ones who are relied upon to manage the youngsters in utilizing PCs as instructive apparatuses as opposed to playing toys. This has additionally decreased the chance of potential help for the youngsters (Kehily, 2008, pp. 36-37). Fathers once in a while sit back at home with their youngsters since they accept that it is the obligation of moms to save a portion of their time so they c an be as one with the kids and in the process take care of their needs. David Buckingham states that there is a requirement for individuals to discover how they can find some kind of harmony between parts of instruction and diversion from the new advanced media. The utilization of computerized media to propel diversion among youngsters is impacted by the childrens social connections. Guardians, subsequently, need to discover how their youngsters get data with respect to new innovation (Kehily, 2008, p. 37). A few thoughts have been advanced in the Western world with respect to youngsters. Individuals in the western world and their administrations have built up certain standards that have additionally changed the structure of youth. They have saved youth as a different phase of life that must be treated with

On UROPs

On UROPs Look at this if you dont what a UROP is:  https://mitadmissions.org/discover/the-mit-education/undergraduate-research/. On the MIT application, as many of you know, you are asked to talk about a program that interests you. If youve read my other posts than you know that I love video games and making video games, so naturally I wanted to eventually work with MITs Game Lab. I thought that I would have to work up to it. It barely crossed my mind first semester. And yet, one day in a December, an email showed up in my  inbox from the Game Lab. A UROP! That I was under-qualified for? Lets see the relevant skills: Unity: ? C#: ?? Developing for VR headsets: ? Developing for touchscreens: ?? 3D modeling and animation: ? 2D illustration and graphic design: ? User interface design: ?? Github: ?? Working in teams: ? 2/9 (well, more like 2/7 since 5 6 are more design orientated). Good! Perfect!! Great!!! So, I applied. And I had a interview. And I showed a game I made two years ago. One that I had to design a user interface for and develop for touchscreens (see emoticons above). Literally the user interface didnt scale for different phone models, so when I showed it off on my new phone everything was very small and hard to tap. I was way past embarrassed.   And then they hired me! The position is quite interesting. You can read details about the project here, but let me TL;DR it: basically we are trying to integrate VR tech into high school classrooms. In this game, one person uses the VR headset to navigate a cell in a first person view, while a second person uses a tablet to highlight different organelles of the cell. This is still very much a work in progress, but we have a lot of cool stuff to show off in the near future. I didnt think I would really do much when I joined. I figured the first few weeks would just be me (and the other student that was new to the project) reading through the source code and figuring out where everything was. Yet, by the end of our first week, we had fixed three bugs! Strangely enough, I remember being excited about hunting down a bug in this large code base. It was oddly invigorating and I dont really know how else to describe it. Was it because I was finally working on a legit game project? Because I was working for the Game Lab? I dont know, but Im excited to be working on this from now until the end of summer! One of the biggest changes that has happened so far is my view on Unity. I used to not like it all. I thought it was weird and hard to understand, but now I have a pretty deep appreciation for Unitys component system. Its really flexible and seems pretty powerful. But I have no respect for Unity units. Maybe Ill get use to it in the future, but its pretty weird. Ill keep playing around with it, but I dont know. I dont know what else to talk about right now, but to hype up my future posts: Im working on one about my hall. Welp, see ya :P Also, here is a small game I made playing around with Unity (no sound, btw):

The Final Year Project Preparation - Free Essay Example

The Final Year Project Project Preparation What the final year project is 1 Double and Single Project ? The majority of you are doing the double project. This is the normal Honours project. ? The double project is worth two modules. ? Some of you are doing the single project. This is for the E-Business degree and for some of the combined honours routes. ? The single project is worth one module. ? This talk is relevant to both forms. 2 Importance of the Project ? The majority of you are doing the double project so Ill talk about this. ? The project is important. ? The mark from the double project is weighted equivalent to two modules. If theres a borderline case in the Exam Board then one of the things we consider in making a final judgement is the final year project. ? May have implications for employment. 3 Importance of the Project ? The Final Year Project: ? has no exam ? no other assessment ? Therefore, the project is a substantive and important piece of work. 4 What the Project is Two parts: ? Mini-paper (hand-in November) 25% ? Project (hand-in April) 75% 5 Schedule ? September, 2010. Deadline for submission of project proposal. (Should submit earlier). ? October, 2010. Submission of a technical plan. ? November, 2010. Submission of mini-paper. ? April, 2011. Submission of project report. ? May, 2011. Poster session. 6 Mini-paper ?November submission of minipaper. ?25% of the total mark. ?2,000 2,500 words (3-4 pages), single-spaced, 12-point Arial font. ?References, appendices, diagrams and figures do not count. It is the word count of the paper itself. ?Marking scheme can be found on elearn (Web-CT). 7 Mini-paper ?An academic paper about a topic within your discipline. A literature review rather than research. An original piece but using existing literature. ?You must pick a topic which is relevant to the project. ?10% of the mark is The application of ideas from this paper to the project. 8 Mini-paper examples ?Database technology. ?A programming technique. ?Description of a shader technique. ?Evaluating system performance. ?So a description and evaluation of a technique, method, approach, algorithm or technology. 9 Mini-paper and Project ?The two should be interlinked. ?Do something that directly aids your project. ?Carry on with wo rk on your project whilst doing the mini-paper. ?Do not stop after youve done the mini-paper. 10 Project Report ? April submission of report. ? May poster session. ? 75% of the total mark. ? 50 pages. ? Diagrams and figures within the text do count towards the page size. References and appendices do not count. ? Marking scheme can be found on elearn (Web-CT). 11 Project types Two types of project: ? Research route) project (or Research ?Development project Development route) (or 12 Research project ?Research does not mean survey. ?A research project is not about researching a topic, i. e. reading about a topic. ?Research means undertaking an experiment (or experiments) in order to discover data. ?At the heart of a research project must be one or more experiments. ?Recommend that you do CO3709 Research Topics in Computing as your optional module. 13 Research project examples Demographics of computer game players: ? Questionnaires (150+). ? Structured Interviews. ?Comparison of a st andard computer keyboard with a virtual keyboard: ? Tests using a set of subjects, included logging the typing speed of users with the two types of keyboards. ?Best approach is to phrase a research project topic as a question. 14 Research project examples ?You cannot just choose to follow the research route. ?You must get agreement from you course leader. ?You must submit your proposal to your course leader about and he or she must agree to it. ?Typically you choose a research topic that a member of staff is interested in. 5 Development Project ? Product development. ? Report about the product. ? Why are you doing the project? Statement of the problem or Requirements documentation. ? Analysis ? Design ? Implementation ? Testing ? Evaluation 16 Development project ideas ? Bibliographic database (ontology) ? Fashion/clothing web site which allows clothes to be matched to size ? Interfaces used by young children ? A tech demo. ? The display and processing of sound signals ? A road plan ner ? A music analyser. 17 Project ideas ? Course leaders will do a project session with you. ? Your course leader will be talking to you about project ideas. The projects are course specific. ? There is a list of staff interests on elearn (Web-CT). ? What subjects do lecturers teach? 18 The project ? Your project must be relevant to your degree. ? Your project must have academic worth and apply academic standards, e. g. of analysis and evaluation, writing style, background reading. ? You need to back up statements. ? You need to write the report in a formal style, e. g. third-person. ? You need to supply references and a bibliography. All references must be in Harvard format. 19 The project ? Your work needs to be placed into an academic context. Wikipedia is a good starting point but it is not an academic site. ? The internet is a wonderful research tool but you need to go beyond it. ? Use the library. ? Provide sources, e. g. quick sort algorithm. Do not cite me as your source I did not invent the algorithm. Do not cite Wikipedia. The originator is C. A. R. Hoare in 1962. Provide a reference to the original article. 20 Be clear as to y our topic ?Make it completely clear as to what you doing. ?Your project should have a clear purpose. You need to be able to state this. ?For example, ? You are implementing a real-time, interactive database with rigorous error-checking. You are implementing 3D dynamic visuals. 21 Structure ? A common structure: ? Abstract. A short summary of the work. ? Introduction ? Design, methodology. ? Body of work, broken up into chapters. ? Testing and Evaluation. ? Conclusion ? Bibliography. 22 Supervision ? Technical Supervisor. ? Provides technical support. ? Regular group meetings. ? Meetings are timetabled. ? Supervisor. ? Regular meetings. ? More general support, e. g. writing skills, research approaches, etc. ? One-to-one. ? You must demonstrate progress. 23 Main advice To produce a good project you need to: ? Work. Read around the subject. 24 What you need to do ? You need to start the process now. ? Decide upon a project before the summer break begins. ? The details of the project ca n be revised as you progress. ? Talk to potential supervisors. ? Identify a potential supervisor. ? Hand-in a project proposal. ? We expect you to work over summer. 25 The project Summary ? Find an interesting topic. ? Investigate it and write up discussion using the literature. a ? Do some interesting and suitably challenging development. ? Write it up with a discussion of alternative techniques and designs. 26

Industrial Training Technical Report - 3845 Words

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise to Allah SWT the Most Merciful and the Most Gracious, I have successfully completed my 10 weeks of Industrial Training that begins on June 25, 2012 until September 1, 2012. I also would like to extend my thankfulness to my parents, Mohd Kassim Abd Rahman and Nismah Hussin and my siblings for their never ending support in terms of moral and financial support. As for my Academic Supervisor, Dr. Lim Yee Yan, I thank you for your reprimand and guidance during my training and the completion of my technical report. Last but not least, I would like to extend my big appreciation to the Managing Director of KATA General Engineering SDN BHD, Mr. Arfan Hj Tengah and my Industrial Supervisor, Mr. Majeri Kuhal for giving me a†¦show more content†¦| Figure 2.1 Activity Workflow | 1.3 Objectives of Industrial Training Industrial Training is one of the prerequisite modules that need to be completed and passed by every Civil Engineering students in Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) in order to allow them to get their Bachelor in engineering (Civil) with Honours. The purpose of this module is to expose students with the real working environment and gain experience before they are facing it themselves in the future. In the perspective of KATA General Engineering SDN BHD, taking students to undergo their Industrial Training under their roof is mainly to expose students with the industry of Engineering and construction. In other words, students are exposed and trained; 1. Roles of an Engineer in an engineering and construction organization. 2. Management skills, technical skills, communication skills and the ability of solving problems. 3. Professionalism and ethics in engineering and construction industry. CHAPTER 2 WORK EXPERIENCE 2.1 Allocation and Assignation During my Industrial Training, I have been assigned to undergo my Industrial Training in one of the company undergoing project located at Kg. Banting Sindumin, Sipitang, Sabah. The description of the project can be referred below; | Project | :Show MoreRelatedCase Study ‘Technical Instruments Pty Ltd’983 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study ‘Technical Instruments Pty Ltd’ Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Analyse strategic and operational plans 3. Consult line and senior managers to identify human resources needs 4. Develop options for delivery of human resource services 5. Comply with legislative requirements 6. Develop and agree on strategies 7. 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Financial Analysis of Icici Bank - 14963 Words

MINOR PROJECT REPORT ON THE STUDY OF ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF ICICI BANK [pic] Submitted in the partial fulfillment of required for the award of degree of Bachelor of Business Administration. Submitted By: Akanksha Jain ENROLL No- 001 /KRCHE /BBA(BI)/2006 Under the guidance (MR. A. Lenin Jothi) ( Mrs. Madhu Arora) KASTURI RAM COLLEGE OF HIGHER EDUCATION (AFFILATED TO GURU GOBIND SINGH UNIVERSITY, DELHI) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Getting a project ready requires the work and effort of many people. I would like to pay my sincere gratitude and thanks to those people, who directed me at every step in this project work. The present report is based on â€Å" ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT- CASE STUDY OF ICICI BANK†. I extended my†¦show more content†¦CONCLUSION 62-64 5. 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Faith and Works - James and Romans Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Faith and Works: Comparison of James 2:14 and Romans 4. Course: Date: In the New Testament, James 2:14-25 and Romans 4 both deal with the concepts of ‘faith’ and ‘works’ and their respective contributions to salvation. However, the approach adopted in the two writings is markedly different. This difference may be attributed in large part to the fact that the audience in both cases is different: James is obviously addressing fellow Christians, as he says, â€Å"my brothers and sisters† (2:14); on the other hand, Paul’s letter to the Romans is directed towards both Jews and Gentiles, to the circumcised and the non-circumcised. While the apostles James and Paul agree that Faith connotes belief in God and Works connotes good actions, James contends that faith and works are both essential for salvation, while Paul asserts that faith is the only requisite. James is unequivocal in his declaration that â€Å"faith by itself, if it has no works, is de ad† (2:17). We will write a custom essay sample on Faith and Works - James and Romans or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now However, he does not discount the importance of faith. His contention is that both are essential and one, without the other, is futile. He is addressing Christians, who, we may assume, are already among the congregation of the faithful, by virtue of their professed belief â€Å"that God is one† (2:19). Therefore, James accepts that faith is a precondition for salvation but asserts that faith alone does not suffice. Christians who profess to â€Å"have faith but do not have works† (2: 14) cannot be saved. This is illustrated by the futility of showing apparent concern for a fellow – man who is cold and hungry by the expression of empty platitudes: â€Å"keep warm and eat your fill† (2:16). This statement may be considered a profession of faith, but it is only when this faith is demonstrated through the action of actually providing clothes and food to the needy that faith can be conceded to be genuine. Good deeds constitute visible evidence of invisible faith, which cannot otherwise be validated. It is action, or works, which gives life to faith and without works, faith will remain an inanimate concept. One does not exist without the other. The only way to demonstrate faith is through actions, as faith is an internal quality which cannot on its’ own be judged as true or false. It is an undisputed fact that â€Å"Faith, apart from works, is barren† (2:20). Faith may be considered the root of Christian belief but this root will not sprout and grow to bear fruit unless it is expressed through works. James gives evidence of the truth of his claim by using the example of Abraham: â€Å"Abraham believed God, † and it was this faith that â€Å"was reckoned to him as righteousness† (2:23).

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1306 Words

The book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† written by Harper Lee was set in the 1930s in a fictional town called Maycomb County. Courage within that specific time period and town was seen as strength in the face of fear; whilst the way that Harper Lee has tried to convey courage throughout her book is as the act of doing something to benefit a specific person or a whole group of people, no matter what odds are against you, how uncomfortable you may find the task, and how dim the chances of succeeding are. Many characters in the book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† express this form of courage. This is demonstrated firstly by Atticus Finch when he went to trial defending a black man who had been accused of a rape he didn’t commit whilst systematic racism was still at large, purely to help an innocent man, to hopefully further the black rights movements at the time and to give his children a firm faith in the justice system. By Boo Radley when he stepped out of the comf ort of his home to rescue Jem and Scout from Mr. Ewell, despite the fact that fighting was not at all in his nature. And lastly by Jem, when he and Scout were attacked by Mr. Ewell and Jem was needed to protect Scout at no matter what costs, as she was unable to fend for herself. Atticus believed sternly and wholeheartedly in the justice system; a view point that he wanted his children to share with him. When Atticus was requested to defend an innocent black man, he believed it was his duty to the town and his children toShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRe ad MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. 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This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

The Twilight Saga 3 Eclipse PREFACE Free Essays

To my husband, Pancho, for your patience, love, friendship, humor, and willingness to eat out. And also to my children, Gabe, Seth, and Eli, for letting me experience the kind of love that people freely die for. Fire and Ice Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse PREFACE or any similar topic only for you Order Now From what I’ve tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice. Robert Frost PREFACE ALL OUR ATTEMPTS AT SUBTERFUGE HAD BEEN IN VAIN. With ice in my heart, I watched him prepare to defend me. His intense concentration betrayed no hint of doubt, though he was outnumbered. I knew that we could expect no help – at this moment, his family was fighting for their lives just as surely as he was for ours. Would I ever learn the outcome of that other fight? Find out who the winners and the losers were? Would I live long enough for that? The odds of that didn’t look so great. Black eyes, wild with their fierce craving for my death, watched for the moment when my protector’s attention would be diverted. The moment when I would surely die. Somewhere, far, far away in the cold forest, a wolf howled. How to cite The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse PREFACE, Essay examples

The Twilight Saga 3 Eclipse PREFACE Free Essays

To my husband, Pancho, for your patience, love, friendship, humor, and willingness to eat out. And also to my children, Gabe, Seth, and Eli, for letting me experience the kind of love that people freely die for. Fire and Ice Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse PREFACE or any similar topic only for you Order Now From what I’ve tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice. Robert Frost PREFACE ALL OUR ATTEMPTS AT SUBTERFUGE HAD BEEN IN VAIN. With ice in my heart, I watched him prepare to defend me. His intense concentration betrayed no hint of doubt, though he was outnumbered. I knew that we could expect no help – at this moment, his family was fighting for their lives just as surely as he was for ours. Would I ever learn the outcome of that other fight? Find out who the winners and the losers were? Would I live long enough for that? The odds of that didn’t look so great. Black eyes, wild with their fierce craving for my death, watched for the moment when my protector’s attention would be diverted. The moment when I would surely die. Somewhere, far, far away in the cold forest, a wolf howled. How to cite The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse PREFACE, Essay examples

Bending Moment Intro free essay sample

A bending moment is simply defined as â€Å"the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces which induces bending of an element† (1). The aim of this assignment is to work out the bending moment in a simply supported beam when different concentrated loads are applied to it. A simply supported beam is a structure, usually with a straight profile supported at the ends, often pinned on one side and simply supported or on a roller on the other. There will be three series of loads applied to this beam the findings will be recorded. The results will then be compared with the theoretical bending moment the reasons for any variation explained. The main reason for the experiment to be conducted is to examine, not only the accuracy of the testing equipment, but also the accuracy of bending moment calculations and diagrams compared to a real-world assessment. It will hopefully prove that â€Å"the bending moment at a cut section is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments acting to the left or right of the section†. We will write a custom essay sample on Bending Moment Intro or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (2) After this introduction, there will be a little background information about this experiment and its apparatus, followed by a breakdown of the experimental procedure. Then, there will be the displayed results before a comparison with the theoretical results that have been calculated. Finally, while the conclusions are made, I will attempt to explain the reasons for any discrepancy and state how I would improve the process. (1)The Science Dictionary (2012) http://thesciencedictionary. org/bending-moment/#ixzz2uKaWzF9e (Accessed: 26/02/14) (2)Momade, H (2011) Shear Force, Bending Moment, Deflection in beams Strut Apparatus Test http://www. academia. edu/3671106/shear_forc e_bending_moment_deflection_beams_strut_apparatus_test (Accessed: 27/02/14) Background/Theory When a force is applied perpendicularly to a point at a given distance away from that point, the rotational force that occur is called a moment. â€Å"It is calculated as the perpendicular force multiplied by the distance from the point. A Bending Moment is simply the bend that occurs in a beam due to a moment. † (4) This moment is measured in Newton-meters (Nm) and anti-clockwise bending is positive. The bending moment of a beam is the resultant turning moment due to all the forces acting on one side of the point. The beam is in equilibrium with the application of these forces and its reactions as it is not moving. (3) â€Å"A beam is a member or bar subjected to forces that act perpendicular to its longitudinal axis†. (1) In engineering, one of the most important mechanical and structural elements is the beam. Some of the factors that need to be considered during the beam design process include the load to be supported, the type of structure, the strength and stresses involved in the beam, the type of structure, as well as others. When a load is applied to a beam, it develops a shear force bending moment that will vary along it. This experiment is solely to work out bending moments; therefore I will focus my research thusly. Finding this moment is an essential step in the design of any beam. There are several types of beam including simply supported, cantilever and overhanging, however this experiment will deal wholly with a simply supported beam. A beam that has pin support at either ends, or a pin at one end and a roller support at the other is called a simply supported beam. The pin support is capable of developing a force reaction in its horizontal and vertical components, but it cannot develop a moment reaction. The roller support cannot resist horizontal force, only vertical. This beam is used specifically for testing loads and has a split down it which is connected to a spring load gauge, which takes the slack and is used for measuring the force applied. (3) The type of load we will be applying to the beam will be concentrated. This means the load will be applied at a specific point rather than the weight distributed across the beam. Finally, when an experiment such as this is undertaken, or when calculating a theoretical bending moment, a few assumptions have to be made: 1. â€Å"The beam is initially straight, that is, no initial curvature in the beam. 2. The material of the beam is homogeneous, that is, it possesses same physical properties throughout the volume. 3. The material of the beam is isotropic, that is, its elastic constants do not vary throughout its volume. 4. Young’s modulus of the material in tension Et is the same as Young’s modulus in compression EC. 5. The elastic limit of the material ? e is not exceeded, that is, stresses in the material at any section at any layer do not exceed ? e, in other words when bending moment is removed from the beam, it comes back to its original shape and original dimensions. † (2)

Students Technology and Marketing-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Question: Develop a Food Marketing Strategy driven by a Coherent Knowledge of Consumer Decision Making. You are required to focus on either a product (select one brand) in your selected industry sector that is underperforming (and needs to be repositioned) or a relatively new product with potential growth opportunities. Answer: Technology and Marketing For any organization to be successful in the market there is need to have an understanding of what is taking place in the world around the business operations. Some of the factors that are in the surrounding of a particular organization determines the rate at which it will succeed in the days to come. Marketing should be the central point of concentration as it ensures that the products reach the customers and the organization make profit. In the 21st century, technology have been integrated into marketing which has changed the way companies reach out to customers as well as run internal affairs that are related to distributing products and services. The technological factors take into consideration the rate at which technology is advancing and how much integration does a company needs to have for a successful business regarding the realization of company goals (Ghauri, 2010). It would be an excellent opportunity for a company in the global perspective that offers food related produc ts and services to enter the market both local and globally as long as they are in line with what is expected. Daiwan is a company in the global market that offers products in food and beverages related fields ranging both fresh as well as canned food materials are distributed in the various parts of the globe. In its vision, Daiwan intends to reach customers that are located in different parts of the world. To achieve the goals, technology is one of the tools that will be used in marketing as research have shown that majority of the world population have access to the internet. Apart from technological application in the marketing it is important to consider marketing mix. The cost is the essentially sum a client pays for the food products whenever they go out for shopping. On the off chance that the cost exceed the apparent advantages for an individual, the apparent estimation of the offering will be low and it will be probably not going to be embraced, however in the event that the advantages are seen as more noteworthy than their costs, odds of trial and reception of the item is significa ntly more prominent. One of the marketing benefits that have been achieved through technological advancements is communication both internally and externally. The heart of every marketing strategy that is used by an organization is the communication. One aspect of communication that is utilized is making the users aware of an existence of a product or a service in the market. Technological tools have been a development that links the organization to the stakeholders to make the management easy. The management of the organization needs to analyze the new technology to get the ideas about the various design issues related to offering technological services towards the meeting the needs of the customers as well as increase the profit margin levels. When an organization is informed on the emerging issues in the line of the product and services it produces, it makes it remain competitive. The information that should be greatly invested on is how the organization will utilize innovative ideas to bring changes in the use of technology to provide quality services in the market. Innovative ideas in this context aim at reducing the production cost a nd maximize profit through technology. If an organization is unable to adapt to the ongoing technological changes, then, it is destined to lag behind its competitors in the market. It is essential for the Daiwan to focus on specific factors such as cost and reliability which is related to technological elements of marketing in the company service provision (Rohani, Golbarg, and Mutasim, 2014). The technological tools that are widely used to link the organization and the stakeholders include websites and mobile apps. With automation being one aspect of technology in an organization, marketing operations are moved from being manual and become digitized where an organization can post what they offer regarding product and services to websites and mobile apps (Doole and Robin, 2008). Ordering and payment processes have been made easy where the customers can request their products and services without necessarily moving from to the premises of the sellers. Technology and marketing Various technological tools can be used to achieve online marketing. One of the most common ways that are utilized by companies is the use of social media. Social media users are increasing on a daily basis due to the availability of devices that supports their functionality. Commonly used social media platforms in the 21st century that have shaped marketing to better levels of improvements include Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter (Petruzzellis, 2010). Companies can post their products on any of the platforms, and it can be shared easily with the others which makes communications more accessible. Next to social media, website ads play a critical role in the promotion of products. Website ads are pop-ups that are incorporated in the functionality of a website providing a description of particular goods and services offered by the organization. The effectiveness of the websites has been achieved due to the increased population that is using the website as a means of communication as wel l as research. The printing press is a technological marketing strategy that is widely used by companies to market themselves. The printing press has come up with online platforms where readers can read their publications which set an allocation for the advertisements. Video and Audio recording have in the past couple of decades turned out to be advertising platforms. When releasing a particular media to the public through media playing sites such as sites, advertisements are included which features in the middle of an audio or video production. Email is another technological tool that is used for online marketing. Successful businesses in the world today have corporate emails that are used to contact users as well as employees in case there is an innovation (Chaffey, et al. 2009). Through, hangouts the when a customer has a question or an inquiry regarding a particular service or product, they can directly interact with the organization which enhances acceptability. Innovative technology gives an organization a chance to improve the efficiency of the employees and enhance the productivity towards accomplishing the goals of the organization. Employee serves the responsibility of ensuring an organization connects to the customers among other stakeholders. Technology is directly related to the performance of the employees as it improves on efficiency as well as reducing the gap that may be available for the organization and the customers. Concentrating on marketing about employees, technology provides communication channels such as emails and Skype which are essential when demonstrating features of a product to the customers as well as offering solutions to problems that are realized in the course of the functioning of a particular product without having to move from one geographical location to another. Also, the market is extensive, and it is essential for Daiwan to offer variety of technological services covering different age groups so that the y can experience a sense of variety which is made to influence the users psychologically. For the employees to be in a position to produce products that fit a particular age group it is essential to have a product that is in line with the expectations of that particular age group. This speaks to the greater part of the interchanges that an advertiser may use in the commercial center to expand mindfulness about the item and its advantages to the objective section. Advancement has four particular components: publicizing, advertising, individual offering and deals advancement. Publicizing may incorporate utilizing forte bundling to exhibit items, using special items for your organization, or online promotions. A specific measure of hybrid happens when advancement utilizes the four chief components together. Deals staff regularly assume a noteworthy part in advancement of an item. To be always updated regarding the various changes that are taking place in the market, research can be con ducted with the aid of technological tools which translates to the organization producing goods and services that are customer oriented. In addition, when research has been performed, the data can be analyzed and stored in information systems which improve on quality and speed. For effective marketing to be achieved, the organization should take the product marketing as a project. Good project management gives a chance to an organization to come up with products and services that meets the standards of the market. Also, the products and services are tailored to meet the needs of the market as well as make the company remain competitive locally and internationally. Additionally, management practices gives work breakdown structures and assign responsibilities to the activities which are accomplished through timely and straightforward reporting system. Project management is important since it allows planning, scheduling and controlling. Planning in project management is process of preparing the various activities prior to commencement of the project activity. Project planning entails identifying the various activities that will be associated with a project. All the variables and constraints that are associated to a particular activity are identified at the pla nning stage. Project organization is also part of the planning as activities are identified how they will follow each other. The scope of the various activities are identified in the planning phase. Employees in the marketing of food products are also stakeholders who cannot be left out. The employees are usually the representative of the organization to the community, customers and the government. When the employees do not meet the requirements regarding qualification and delivery of service, the product will suffer from incompetence in the long run. Food companies employ individuals and provide benefits to them to increase the productivity (Pojasek, 2007, p84). Also, through training sessions, the employees are taught how to study the market to change in accordance with the requirements. Therefore, there should be a strong cohesion that should be developed between the employees and the outside world. Regarding stakeholders that need to be considered in the sustainability plan, customers are usually given priority. For any organization to prosper, customer product acceptance should be made part of the plan. Customers are usually the main source of income in an organization. When the customers differ on the taste and preference of the products available, an organization is forced to revisit their manufacturing and marketing strategies because it implies there are not return clients hence no future (Gao Bansal, 2013, p246). The marketing team should Market regularly conduct surveys regarding customer satisfaction which gives them a chance to know what the customers are looking for. After the feasibility studies, the firm can improve on their interaction with the customers thus ending up meeting their needs. An organization is tasked with the responsibility of getting new customers now and then. Marketing strategies such as advertisements and giving discounts attract new customers e asily, and this has been embraced by the firm. It, therefore, means that an organization will have a future. The government in the food industry plays an important role in protecting its citizens from exploitation. In course of running of the firm, the government regulates the business of the products from through setting up of standards and ensuring that customers get the real value of the products. When a firm does not meet the required standards set by local and international bodies regarding their products, the government intervenes and it can result to its closure. Also, the government in the course of protecting the health of its citizens, there are licenses that must be issued to certify that whatever activities are carried out, meets the requirements. Market is subject to routine supervision by the government, which gives an assurance to the general public that what is being produced or the services offered are legal. On the other hand, the government regulates the amount of pollution that can be released to the environment. An organization should have a team of experts who ensures that their wastes released to the environment is in line with the guidelines provided by the government (Pearson, et al. 2014, p187). Being in line with the rules and regulation provides sustainability of the firm. Bibliography Chaffey, Dave, Fiona Ellis-Chadwick, Richard Mayer, and Kevin Johnston.Internet marketing: strategy, implementation and practice. Pearson Education, 2009. Doole, Isobel, and Robin Lowe.International marketing strategy: analysis, development and implementation. Cengage Learning EMEA, 2008. Gao, J. and Bansal, P., 2013. Instrumental and integrative logics in business sustainability.Journal of Business Ethics,112(2), pp.241-255 Ghauri, Pervez N., and Philip R. Cateora. 2010. International Marketing, 3rd ed. Pearson, D., Friel, S., Lawrence, M. (2014). Building environmentally sustainable food systems on informed citizen choices: evidence from Australia.Biological agriculture horticulture,30(3), 183-197. Petruzzellis, Luca. "Mobile phone choice: technology versus marketing. The brand effect in the Italian market."European Journal of marketing44, no. 5 (2010): 610-634. Pojasek, R.B., 2007. A framework for business sustainability.Environmental Quality Management,17(2), pp.81-88. Rohani, Golbarg, and Mutasim Nour. 2014 "Techno-economical analysis of stand-alone hybrid renewable power system for Ras Musherib in the United Arab Emirates." Energy 64: 828-841.

Urban Morphology of Dhaka City Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core Essay Example

Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core Essay Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core Prof. Dr. Farida Nilufar Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Email: [emailprotected] com [Paper presented on the International Seminar on The History, Heritage and Urban Issues of Capital Dhaka, on the occasion of the Celebration of 400 years of the Capital Dhaka, Organized by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 17-19 February 2010. Accepted for Publication of Asiatic Society on the Celebration of 400 years of the Capital Dhaka, Organized by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Accepted in June 2010] ABSTRACT: The fundamental morphological characteristics of Dhaka city is described here from a historical perspective. Since its establishment, Dhaka represents domination of an organic spatial character in general. Here in Dhaka, two dominant urban patterns are conspicuous within the successive stages of growth; they are the historical core or old Dhaka and the later development towards the north, known as new Dhaka. Besides, a few planned additions are also featured in this city. Thus, this study identifies that four major spatial patterns are co-existent in Dhaka; they are indigenous and informal developments; colonial and planned interventions. The essential morphological characteristics of these patterns, which are prevalent in Dhaka, are described here. Major discussion concentrates on the global spatial structure of the organic city and investigates the dynamics of its growth and the characteristics of morphological transformations through the ages. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It analyzes the axial maps of Dhaka and determines from ‘integration’ analysis [based on the method of Space Syntax as developed in UCL, London, 1984] that the spatial structure of the organic city has been shaping an urban core which coincides with the functional centers of the city in different historical stages. Thus the spatial dynamics of Dhaka and its core corresponds to a social history which remains as the underlying force behind the spontaneous formation of its morphological structure. . 1. Introduction: The city of Dhaka has arisen more or less spontaneously over four hundred years. In the history, the evolution of Dhaka as a town goes back to the 16th century. With the passage of time the entire city grew in a natural way, although it has some parts which have been deliberately created in the recent past by the designers, albeit in a fragmented way. Its different phases have developed and structured at different historical stages based on the vigour of that particular period of development. Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, has grown from a small Hindu trading centre to a metropolis. Its antiquity can be traced back to 7th century A. D. ; however, Dhaka rose to prominence only after it became the capital of Bengal[1] during the Mughal rule under the Muslims in 1610 A. D. For a long period of its growth Dhaka was confined within the medieval Mughal core. An early impetus in the growth of a new town outside the historic city, however, started in around 1764[2]. In spite of that only after 1906, on the declaration of Dhaka as the capital of the province of East Bengal and Assam, a spectacular development of the city has been manifested in the Ramna green belt outside the historic core in the newer part of Dhaka. Historian Bradely-Birt noted that a modern city has begun to rise. [Bradely-Birt, 1975: 261] This drift of development was impeded several times due to different political and economic reasons. However, after the independence of Bangladesh new Dhaka has experienced a phenomenal growth. Within the successive stages of growth, two dominant urban patterns are conspicuous in Dhaka; they are the historical core or old Dhaka and the later development towards the north, known as new Dhaka. The historic kernel of old Dhaka retains the traditional features it has inherited from the past. The natural endowment of its organic morphology is valued for its ‘indigenous’ urban pattern. The residential neighbourhoods of old Dhaka, locally known as ‘Mohallas’, which were the enclaves of caste or craft groups are considered by many to be a morphological archetype of this historic city. Outside the historic core, the newer part is a post colonial development, thereby sometimes metaphorically understood as a function of modernization. In the newer extensions of Dhaka, similar organic morphological patterns are prevalent which have been spontaneously developed without any rigid planning proposal. In terms of established planning principles the character of these areas is seen as a confused urban sprawl. There remains quite a lot of prejudice attached to these unplanned areas; and they are customarily described as ‘informal’ development. Nevertheless, these new generation organic areas are generally developed according to the aspiration of their inhabitants just like that of the historic city itself. The demarcation of the old and new town was geographically emphasized by the placement of the State Railway line which gave an idea about the existence of the main historic city in the quarters to the south and west of the loop formed by the Railway line. Ahmed, 1986: 99] To some people, to call the historical part old seems to be a general misconception about it; however, there is no doubt about the extensive livability and usability of the older part even in this century, and it is well understood that being a meaningful and living form, despite the loss of official and political patronage, the old city did not fade away but was thrived and enhanced. For this reason it is sometimes claimed that old city is as contemporary as the new city. [Khan, 1982: 1. 1] After traveling around fifty Indian cities including Dhaka in 1915-1919, Sir Patrick Geddes advocated that understanding the past is the first step in planning the present and future. [Spodek, 1993: 256] Geddes further added that The diagnostic survey . . . seeks to unravel the old city’s labyrinth and discern how this has grown up. Though, like all organic growths, this may at first seem confused to our modern eyes, that have for so long been trained to a mechanical order, gradually a higher form of order can be discerned the order of life in development . . In city planning then, we must constantly keep in view the whole city, old and new alike in all its aspects and at all its levels. The transition in an Indian city, from narrow lanes and earthen dwellings to small streets, great streets and buildings of high importance and architectural beauty, forms an inseparably interwoven structure. Once this is understood, the city plan ceases to appear instead as a great chessboard on which the manifold game of life is in active progress. [Geddes, 1919 as in Tyrwhitt 1947: 26-27] The evolutionary layering of urban form and meaning which Geddes uncovered as a town planner needs to be explored in historic studies of Dhaka. This article initially tries to identify the primary spatial patterns existing in Dhaka since its inception. Moreover, it aims to investigate the spatial dynamics of urban growth of Dhaka by analyzing the configuration of the urban grid and the resultant urban form in its historical perspective. It tries to pinpoint how the cumulative process of growth and consolidation has influenced the organic spatial structure of Dhaka. Fig: 1] It also endeavors to reveal the fundamental relation between configuration of space in an organic city like Dhaka and the way that it functions. 3. Urban Spatial Patterns in Dhaka Today’s Dhaka represents a composite form developed through ages. Its fundamental organic spatial homogeneity is interrupted at times by the patches of grid patterns. It is observes that there are five distinctive and co-existent u rban arrangements are prevalent in Dhaka. These can also be marked as ecological units, which are i] the old city ii] Civil Lines iii] New Indigenous or Informal communities; iv] the Planned Schemes and v] the Squatters’ Clusters. The squatters’ clusters are mostly transient in nature. However, the spatial pattern of the other four ecological types is discussed here. [Fig. 2 3] 3. 1 Indigenous Historic Structure Its organic character of the historic part is particularly distinctive with the densely built-up areas in comparison to the looseness of the later developments. Thus, like most Indian towns, the historical spatial structure of old Dhaka remains as the relic of the past. The pattern that exists in the old city is the winding and intricate street network and the walls defining the houses. The streets in the historic part were narrow. They were continuously twisted in and out, and were tortuous to an extreme degree in some places. The dead-end passages sometimes cut deep inside the urban block presenting a series of sharp turns. These were found indiscriminately along both the thoroughfares and the alleys. This pattern is more persistent in old city. However, a few long lines passed through the residential areas, which gave rise to another type of urban pattern e. g. Shankhari Bazaar Road, Tanti Bazaar Road. These were mainly the commercial interfaces of the city; and such areas have no lanes and by lanes as the access are from single bazaar streets. These streets are defined by closely spaced buildings in contrast to the former pattern where buildings are loosely spaced. Thus two distinct urban patterns exist in the old city. [Khan, 1982] However, the urban blocks of the latter type took more usual form of an accumulation of burgage plots whilst that of the former were divided by the dominant system of land holdings into smaller rectangular areas or segments. Fig. 3a] 2. 2. Colonial Interventions Civil lines A general grid pattern with broad traversing streets and rectangular blocks was proposed for the modernization of the historic city of Dhaka by Dr. Henry Charles Cutcliff, a British reformer. A radical engineering approach was needed in order to drive the broad straight streets through the crowded confusion of the city quarters. Although the scheme was not adopted in its entirety, it seems that all the later improvement of Dhaka was essentially based upon it. Ahmed, 1986: 182] In a later period Patrick Geddes was sensitive in dealing with historic areas and emphasized the ameliorative change through ‘conservative surgery’. [Geddes, 1917] Therefore, except in the northern extension of the historic core in and around Ramna area representing an orthogonal grid, the remaining historic city appears as organic. [Fig: 2] Consequently, the colonial city of Dhaka is not that visible as their intervention was limited within the linear civil line development along a few streets and the grid pattern of the Paltan [Cantonment]. Gupta claims that whereas the presidency towns were wholly planned on the grid in Europe, contemporary British Indian towns had only small sections planned, and subsequent growth was by accretion, in an ad hoc manner, by taking in adjacent villages. [Gupta, 1991: 596] However, the civil lines in the sub-continental cities were laid out as the British Precinct in the mid nineteenth century. Minto Road, Hare Road, Bailey Road, and Park Road are such developments in Dhaka outside the historic core. Their arrangement represents a formal and spacious one which is totally different in look from the dense development of the previous time. These were like Victorian suburbs characterized by low-density, horizontal development and broad tree lined roads giving access to a system of large compounds containing spacious single Bungalows in each plot. However, such pattern is being extinguished from the present urban form of Dhaka. 2. 3. New Indigenous Communities Informal Layout Another socio-spatial idiom in Dhaka is that of the upgraded indigenous neighbourhood, such areas like Kalabagan, Kathalbagan, Razabazaar, Mogbazaar, Malibagh etc. [Fig. c] They are labyrinthine mixture of lanes, by-lanes and cul-de-sacks like old Dhaka but wider and less intricate than the older city roads. They seem like the representations of traditional indigenous urban developments in the setting of a modern background. However, the formation of the blocks and main streets mainly followed the proposals of the Master Plan of 1959 and appear as longer and wider lines in the city structure. The inner roads or alleys are again narrow and winding o nes. Mostly they are organic in growth as they generate with the increasing plot division. Land uses are of a mixed type, however residential use gets prominence. The main thoroughfares become the major shopping strips and most buildings are designed to accommodate shops at the ground level. Generally the land use pattern resembles the old city rather than the civil lines. House design combines modern and traditional features in a harmonious blend. They cover the whole plot most of the time leaving narrow strips beside boundary walls as dictated by the planning authority but not like the courtyard houses of the old Dhaka. These popular settlements are very much like the old city development but the planning rules gave them a new look. 2. 4. Planned Schemes Geometric Layout The grid pattern of roads was introduced in the city for the first time in Wari and Gandaria in 1885. The state sponsored planned extensions for the upper classes were contrasted with the unsanctioned, spontaneous, tawdry development in the old city. Comprehensively planned residential areas of Dhanmondi, Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara and Uttara etc. re the successors of this type. Their street layout follows a rigid gridiron pattern with some semicircular arcs. [Fig. 3b] The land formation exerted a little influence on the new development and this why they are found globally to be in some way more logical or imposed upon their surroundings. The high space and service standards and physical designs of these schemes have an aura of Western suburbia, modernity, and status. They essentially follow the civil lines model, though without th e Imperial grandeur. Such planned schemes were generally situated at the fringes when the plans were undertaken; however now a days they are surrounded by the high density low income living due to the increase of population. 3. Spatial Dynamics of Growing City: Urban core and functional pattern in Dhaka Above the levels of technology and economic condition of the population, the patterns of areal expansion and the urban form of Dhaka have been dominated largely by the physical configuration of the landscape in and around the city, particularly the river system and the height of land in relation to flood level. Islam, 1996: 191] Thus the ground plan of Dhaka shows a less systematic form possessing a kind of homogeneity depending on the continued adaptation to the land morphology and also possibly to the culturally derived patterns in the historic core. Thus guided by the natural determinants, however, the demand of its dwellers shaped it as a city of variety. The shifting pattern of land use distribution, mainly that of commercial activities, in Dhaka seems not follow the categories commonly used by the literature of city planning and urbanization for western cities and even specifically for south-east Asian cities. Mollah, 1976: 39] Although it is claimed that the generalized functional growth pattern of Dhaka is concentric around the business districts [Chowdhury, 1981: 15], the character of – Concentric Zones seems not to be applicable here because the phenomena they describe assume consistency and continuity of a feature, whereas Dhaka is characterized by discontinuities of factors and multiplicity of sectors and circuits. Indeed, historians assert that the fundamental source of the life of Dhaka had been determined by political considerations as these have unfolded over time. Ahsan, 1991: 397] In fact, Dhaka faced six major phases of socio-economic and political changes during its evolution. The following part of discussion seeks to understand the morphological changes o f the urban core of spatial structure of Dhaka since historical time by analyzing available maps from 1859 2007 and simulating two previous stages [Pre-mughal and Mughal Period]. Two maps are available from Pakistan period; one is of 1952 at the inception of Pakistan with the indigenous city and the colonial development seen as a whole; and the other is of 1960. Besides, four maps are considered from the Bangladesh era [Maps of 1973, 1987 and 1995 are prepared by the Survey of Bangladesh’, and Map of 2007 is prepared by DCC]. This study tries to pinpoint how the cumulative process of growth and consolidation has influenced the spatial structure of Dhaka at a global scale by using the tool of Space Syntax'[3] as developed by AAS, Bartlett, UCL, London. Here the spatial structure of Dhaka city is modeled with axial lines following the conception of Space Syntax and the axial maps[4] are analyzed with Depthmap[5] to identify the integration core[6]of the spatial structure of the whole city. The brief historical overview has been highlighted the fact that as Dhaka has grown in size, scale and extent, and the distribution of urban functions has evolved and changed according to the dictates of political and commercial considerations. However, it is not clear whether these changes were arbitrary, or whether there was any logic to the pattern of relocation. In what follows, integration analysis by the Space Syntax will explore the way in which urban growth brought about changes in the configuration of the urban grid, and hence in the distribution of integration throughout the city. These purely configurational changes are considered in relation to the changing pattern of urban functions, to see if they relate to one another in a systematic way. This study tries to explore the fundamental relation between the configuration of space in Dhaka and the way that it functions. Finally, it determines the spatial structure of Dhakas urban core and the process of its transformation through ages. 3. 1. Pre-Mughal Hindu Core of Dhaka [before 1608]: Dhaka was a small Hindu trading centre in Pre-Mughal time. As revealed from cartographic evidences the area lying to the east, north-east and south-east f Babur Bazaar going up to the Dholai River on the northern bank of the Buriganga seems to face the old town. It is now thought that Dhaka was confined between the Dholai Canal [on the north east boundary of the city] and the Buriganga River from its inception until 1608, which ushered in the Mughal period. The oldest city consisted of a few market centers like Lakshmi Bazaar, B angla Bazaar, Shankhari Bazaar, Tanti Bazaar etc. along with a few localities of craftsman and businessmen like Patua-toli, Kumar-toli etc. [Dani, 1956: 7] The centre is thought to have been near the Bangla Bazaar. According to Dani, the main business area was in Sadar Ghat and Victoria Park, which had extended upto Nawabpur Road in later part of 15th century [Ahsan, 1991:397- 398]. No detailed maps from this period are available on which to develop an axial model. However, in order to remake the picture of the past, a reconstruction of the Hindu core has been developed here from the oldest detailed map of Dhaka in 1859 [prepared by Rennell]. [7] The spatial analysis of axial map shows that in the pre-Mughal Dhaka, the global integration core was formed with Nawabpur Road-Johnson Road leading towards the Sadar Ghat. It also touched part of Islampur Road, Bangshal Road and Shankhari Bazar Road. This loop like core coincided with the functional heart of the city as described by Dani. [Fig. 4] 3. 2. Mughal Dhaka [1608- 1764]: Dhaka rose to prominence only after it became the capital of Bengal during the Mughal rule in 1610 AD. [Bhattacharya, 1935: 36-63] The then ‘New Dhaka’ was inaugurated by Islam Khan with the establishment of Lalbagh Fort in 1679, Chandnighat and the Chawk [the market place beside the old fort at present Central Jail]; and it continued to grow under the subsequent Mughal Subaders until 1717. Dani, 1956: 31] According to Manrique, a visitor to the city, in 1640 the city stretched for 4. 5 miles along the Buriganga river with a population of about 200 thousand [excluding the Europeans and the visitors] [Taifoor, 1956: 15] which raised to 9,00,000 in 1700. During this period, the needs of administration and defence coupled with flourishing commercial activities led to Dhaka’s growth, and from a suburban town Dhaka became a metropolis. [Khan Atiquallah, 1965: 2-6] In time, Dhaka grew beyond the limit of the Dholai Canal; and the Mughal Dhaka had encompassed the pre-Mughal core. [Fig. ] In 1640 the expansion to the west [to Maneswar and Hazaribagh] and the north [up to Phulbaria, on the fringe of the Ramna area] was significant; besides it’s eastern limit was up to Narandiu [Narinda] [Manrique as in Chowdhury and Faruqui, 1991: 48] Bradley-Birt described as away beyond for fourteen miles, the city stretched as far as Tongi, a vast labyrinth of streets and villages, the camps of armies and all that followed in their terrain [Bradley-Birt, 1975: 159]. However, the Mughal ruins identified the extension of the Mughal city mainly to the west of the Fort and following the river bank. The expansion occurred with the Old Fort in the centre. In this growth of Mughal Dhaka the general characteristics of a Mughal city are noticeable. The Fort served as the nerve centre of the city, and the adjacent market places and the surrounding mohallas growing out of the residential needs follow the well established pattern with winding roads. The areas to the south and south-west of the Fort up to the river bank grew mainly as commercial areas and the areas to the north and north- east grew as residential areas. Chowdhury Faruqui, 1991: 48] The Chawk with the mosque was the main market place of Mughal Dhaka and the river front was transformed into the main commercial area. However, the older part of the city also gained importance by the establishment of European factories in the vicinity of Babur Bazaar and Bangla Bazaar. [Ahsan, 1991: 398] There were two principal roads/thoroughfares in the city. One running parallel to the river from Victoria park to the western fringe of th e city and other ran from the park to Tejgaon[8]. The glory of Dhaka came to an end by the early part of the 18th century with the shifting of the provincial capital from Dhaka to Murshidabad in 1717. In this period the activities of the European traders increased. So the life of Dhaka city was still thriving and it continued in its earlier setting without any farther expansion. [Chowdhury Faruqui, 1991: 52] In the absence of a detailed map of Mughal Dhaka, a second reconstruction was developed during this research based on a combination of historical documents and the findings of other researchers who have tried to define the boundary of the Mughal capital, Dhaka. It too is based on the original map of 1859. The spatial analysis of Mughal Dhaka produced a global integration core along Bangshal Road which was linked up with Nawabpur Road. Thus, in the Mughal period, the integration core lay on the northern periphery of the city seemingly as an extension of the pre-Mughal global core. The historical statement that the Fort served as the nerve centre of the city does not fit with the syntactic analysis; rather the global integration core connected the Mughal centre [the Chawk and the old fort] with the Hindu core [Bangla Bazaar surrounding the present Court House area]. The integration core therefore connected the administrative and commercial foci as described earlier by historians, but seems to leave out the city life on the river side. When the river was also considered as a route, and connected to the street system through its ports the global core has a dramatic shift from the northern periphery towards the river front which reveals a probable importance of the river on the life of Dhaka at that period. [Nilufar, 1997:111] However, the spatial analysis reveals that the integration core of Mughal Dhaka was an extension of the pre-Mughal core. It also connected the Mughal and pre-Mughal functional cores with bazaar streets. However, Islampur Road had not yet gained spatial importance globally. [Nilufar, 1997: 113] 3. 3 Dhaka in the Pre-Colonial Period- Rule of the East India Company [1764-1857]: With the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1707 Dhaka faced a serious decline in economy, population and administrative importance which caused the subsequent contraction of urban area. An English trading company attained political domination and took over the control of Dhaka city in 1764. Most of the commercial activities which survived were carried out in the enclosure of Chawk [Ahsan, 1991: 401]; and the old fort and its surroundings remained the heart of the city where all the central and provincial offices were also located. [Ahmed, 1986: 130-143] In 1800 population of Dhaka declined to 200 thousands, like that of 160 years back. According to Rennell the city was four miles long and two and half miles wide in 1793 which reduced to three miles in length and one and half mile in width in 1814. Mamun, 1990: 49] In 1859, Rennell prepared a map of Dhaka city as extending from Narayanganj to Iron Bridge and from the Buriganga river to Nimtali Kothi [present Asiatic Society]. In this map the jungles indicate a decline in population and a subsequent contraction of urban area. In fact the decline in economy, population and administrative importance brought about shrinkage in the area of Dhaka city. [Fig 6] The axial analysis of the spatial system of 1859s Dhaka depicted th at the city had densely inhabited areas in the pre-Mughal Hindu core extending towards the Mughal centre [the Chawk]. At this period, most of the areas to the west of the Mughal centre were segregated. The global integration core took the shape of a loop connecting the pre-Mughal global core to the Chawk, and also leading towards north [in Purana Paltan area] thus reaching out towards the extending city. The river side also got importance in the spatial structure. This phase might be called the period of unification, when the pre-Mughal and Mughal centres were joined, and projected outwards in the direction of the future city and the river. The most integrated line was Bangshal Road, and the next was Nawabpur Road, the two bazaar streets. Thus, the global integration core largely coincided with the commercial interface which was the focus of the city life. Again, the administrative areas were also linked to the core at its southern edge. In order to avoid the influence of the uninhabited garden areas in the north, the built-up areas of the 1859 spatial structure were analyzed separately but no changes occurred in the picture of integration with respect to Islampur Road. Fig. 8] This might indicate that this bazaar street could not gain any significant global importance in the city structure around 1859. However, Islampur Road and a number of bazaar streets were locally important. [Nilufar, 1997: 112] 3. 4. British Colonization of Dhaka [1858-1947]: The old Mughal town did not expand with British rule, but it underwent a vast physical renewal following no definite plan. This transformed the medieval Dhaka into a modern c ity with metalled roads, open spaces, street lights and piped water supply. Ahmed, 1986:130-143] The State Railway was opened in 1885-86 and the rail line was laid through the city to connect it with areas outside Dhaka. The placement of the railway line gives an idea about the existence of the main city to the quarters south and west of the loop formed by the railway line. However, the building of a new town started beyond the rail road in Ramna. [Ahsan, 1991: 401] However, most of the residential quarters were within the historic core; and the river front and the area near the Victoria Park was a prized location for high class residents. Islam, 1996: 14] An irregular road pattern was prevalent to the south in the historic core; while the grid pattern of roads was introduced in the city for the first time in 1885 in Wari and Gandaria as planned residential areas. Hazaribagh, Nawabganj areas in the western quarter of the city, were developed in the same period as industrial areas. [ Chowdhury Faruqui, 1991: 54-55] Civil lines were also added beyond the city limit in 1906. The British crown shifted the administrative centre from the old fort area, and new buildings were constructed on a new site near Victoria Park, on the present site of the Court House. Ahmed, 1986: 141] From Mughal time the Chawk Bazaar had been the main centre of the citys trade and commerce in Dhaka, and it remained so after 1859. The business areas during this period extended towards the north by way of the Nawabpur Road into Ramna to serve the British bureaucrats who lived in the new town. [Ahsan, 1991: 402] In 1905, in the middle stage of the British era, Bengal was divided and Dhaka was chosen as the capital of the eastern part. [Islam, 1991: 197] Another significant incidence to the city of Dhaka was the foundation of Dhaka University in the vicinity of Ramna in 1921. Early records of the East India Company [1786] describe the city boundary as: Buriganga in south, Tongi in the north, Mirpur in the west and Postogola in the east. [Karim, 1964: 37] Although it was the overall limit of the city by the end of the 18th century, the area lying to the north of Mir Jumlas gate [near Ramna] was very sparsely populated. According to Rennell, the population decline which started from 1764 reached its lowest ebb in 1867 when the population reduced to 51,636. Since 1872 the population recorded a continuous growth. The spatial pattern was changed in this phase by the extensions at the periphery and by an increase in destiny within the built up areas with densely packed, short and tree-like broken lines. In the map of 1916[9], the global integration core was pushed towards the north near the Ramna Garden where the newly-planned, relatively orthogonal grid was being introduced. Thus the most integrated lines were in the area where the old [pre-British] part met the new [developed in the British era], which indicated a change in the social life of the city during the colonial period. [Fig. ] In order to have an idea about the life of the people who were living in the densely built up areas of the old city, the built up area in 1916 was analyzed syntactically without the colonial additions. [Fig . 8] In this analysis, the higher global integration values were attained by the bazaar streets, Islampur Road and Nawabpur Road. Thus the most integrated lines extended parallel to the river, forming a lin ear integration core which coincided with the functional core of the city. It seems that Islampur Road attained its spatial significance in the old city only from the colonial era. . 5. Dhaka as the Capital of Pakistan [1947-1971]: In 1947, the British Colony achieved its independence after two hundred years of colonization and Dhaka attained the status of the provincial capital of the East Pakistan. Unlike many colonial cities in India, the colonial influence on Dhaka could not be claimed as substantial. The overall expansion of the city began from 1947. [Huq, 1991: 428] Administrative, commercial and residential needs caused an influx of people and it resulted in a massive growth of the city. The city expanded mainly towards the north. Dhanmondi area, as previously adorned with paddy fields, lying towards the north-west fringe of Dhaka turned into a residential area after 1955. The Mirpur Road formed an axis and high lands on either side were occupied up to Mohammadpur and Mirpur. The high land available in north-east and north-west of Ramna within different pockets between the previously developed areas like Purana Paltan to Naya Paltan, Eskaton to Mogbazaar, Siddheswari and Kakrail to Kamlapur through Razarbagh and Santinager, Segun Bagicha all came to be occupied mostly by residential use. All these happened without any formal planning. Then the government founded Dacca Improvement Trust [DIT] in 1956 and started planning in a piecemeal manner: industrial district in Tejgaon, New Market in Azimpur, staff housing in Motijheel, high class residential area in Dhanmondi. However, at this stage there was no plan for the future growth. In the meanwhile Dhaka was becoming more and more unmanageable. So a Master Plan was eventually prepared by consultants in 1959 on behalf of DIT. 10] The DIT developed Gulshan model town